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Anti-communist resistance in Poland (1944–46)
The anti-communist resistance in Poland (1944–1946), also referred to as the Polish anti-Communist insurrection, was an armed struggle of Polish Underground against the Soviet takeover of Poland at the end of World War II in Europe. The guerrilla warfare, conducted by the resistance movement formed already during the war, included an array of military attacks launched against the Communist prisons and detention centers, state security offices, detention facilities for political prisoners, and prison camps set up across the country by the Soviet authorities.
In January 1945, the pro-Soviet government installed in Poland by the advancing Red Army declared the Polish anti-Nazi resistance movement, the Home Army, illegal and asked its surviving members to come out into the open, guaranteeing them freedom and safety. Scores of underground fighters laid down their arms. Most of them were arrested and imprisoned; thousands were tortured, executed, and deported into the Soviet Gulag System. As a result, AK members quickly stopped trusting the new government, and some of them regrouped in a clandestine manner in order to oppose the new occupiers. They formed the Freedom and Independence (''Wolność i Niezawisłość'' WiN) among other organizations and together, liberated hundreds of political prisoners. They were known as the "Cursed soldiers" of the Polish underground, and they were eventually captured or killed by security services and special assassination squads.
== Soviet westward offensive across occupied Poland ==
On the night of January 3–4, 1944 the advancing Red Army crossed the former eastern border of the Second Polish Republic in the area of Volhynia (near the village of Rokitno). In several months, they pushed the Wehrmacht further west, reaching the line of the Vistula river on July 24, 1944.〔(World War II in Europe timeline, at worldwar-2.net ) 〕 The Soviet advance stopped short, while the Polish Armia Krajowa attempted to liberate Warsaw from the Nazis ahead of the Red Army's offensive. The Warsaw Uprising led by the exiled government in London was crushed after 63 days. On July 22, 1944, acting upon orders from Moscow, the Polish communists who arrived in the eastern town of Chełm created the alternative pro-Soviet Committee, soon renamed the Provisional Government of the Republic of Poland.〔(''The great globe itself: a preface to world affairs'' By William Bullitt, Francis P. Sempa ) 〕〔( The Economy and Economic History of Poland by Thayer Watkins, San José State University ) 〕 With full political control by Stalin and Soviet sponsorship, the communists abandoned the parliamentary system of prewar Poland as well as any preferences of the Polish voters,〔( Poland - The Historical Setting ), Polish Academic Information Center, University at Buffalo 〕 and based their new government's power solely on the Red Army control of the area.〔( The establishment of communist regimes in Eastern Europe, 1944-1949 By Norman Naimark ) 〕
Meanwhile, acting together under the command of Soviet General Ivan Serov, the forces of NKVD, SMERSH and the Polish communist secret service (UB), which was modeled on the Soviet secret police,〔 began countrywide operations against the members of the Home Army and other Polish resistance units loyal to the government-in-exile in London. Some 25,000 underground soldiers, including 300 Home Army officers, were arrested, disarmed, and interned before October 1944.〔(Soviet NKVD, at www.warsawuprising.com ) 〕 On October 15, 1944, Lavrentiy Beria signed ''Order No. 0012266/44'', which established a special NKVD Division 64, whose only task was to fight the Polish resistance. Tens of thousands were deported to Siberia. Many members of the Polish underground were given the choice between a lengthy prison sentence, and service in the Soviet-run Polish Armed Forces in the East.〔( ''God's Playground: 1795 to the present'' By Norman Davies ) 〕 Faced with an unacceptable choice, and knowing about the grave fate of their own leaders (see: Trial of the Sixteen), thousands of soldiers of the Home Army (which was disbanded on January 20, 1945) and other organizations decided to continue fighting for freedom after the defeat of Germany.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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